SELECT 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      cscart_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        cscart_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      cscart_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  cscart_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN cscart_categories ON cscart_categories.category_id = cscart_products_categories.category_id 
  AND cscart_categories.company_id = 2 
  AND (
    cscart_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      0, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    ) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(
      1, cscart_categories.usergroup_ids
    )
  ) 
  AND cscart_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN cscart_products_categories AS product_position_source ON cscart_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 951 
WHERE 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id IN (
    8884, 10213, 10078, 8863, 10174, 395, 
    8873, 10163, 8894, 10212, 8885, 8893
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  cscart_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00179

Explain
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE cscart_products_categories range PRIMARY,pt,product_id_idx,category_id_idx,product_category_idx,category_product_idx pt 3 155 Using index condition
1 SIMPLE product_position_source eq_ref PRIMARY,pt,product_id_idx,category_id_idx,product_category_idx,category_product_idx PRIMARY 6 const,mahm3t_cs443.cscart_products_categories.product_id 1
1 SIMPLE cscart_categories eq_ref PRIMARY,c_status,p_category_id,idx_category_id PRIMARY 3 mahm3t_cs443.cscart_products_categories.category_id 1 Using where

Result

product_id category_ids position
395 263,952,948,951,955 0
8863 480,948,951,954 0
8873 480,948,951,953 0
8884 480,949,951,953 0
8885 480,949,951,953 0
8893 480,949,951,953,957 0
8894 480,949,951,953,957 0
10078 480,948,951,953 0
10163 263,948,951,955 0
10174 480,948,951,953 0
10212 480,948,951,953 0
10213 480,949,951,953 0